Author: Jackson J. Spielvogel
ISBN: 978-0-495--91329-0
Chapter: Nine
U-$22-B-0.006065-BE-227
Notes
Page 273
1. High Middle Ages= c950-c1280
2. Population increased by the expansion of cultivated or arable land.
Page 274
3. Carruca=wheel plow
4. The carruca made an enormous impact on medieval agriculture north of the Alps.
5. Aratum= plow from Mediterranean and Near Eastern World
6. Aratum, a nonwheeled, is a light scratch plow made mostly of wood that was sufficient to break the top layer of the light soils of those areas.
7. 2 new inventions helped farming
a. New horse collar developed to distribute weight of plow protected.
b. Horseshoe, produce greater traction and protected against heavy clay and rocks.
8. wheeled plows were expensive; because iron was expensive
9. Entire community had to purchase wheeled plow
10. An individual family could not afford a team of animals, so villagers shared their beasts.
11. The High Middle Ages harnessed the power of water and wind to do jobs formerly done by human or animal power.
12. Watermill invented on the second century, but came into wide use in the High Middle Ages.
13. The development of the cam enabled millwrights to mechanize entire industries.
14. Windmills were invented in Persia.
15. The watermill and windmill were the most important devices for harnessing power before the invention of the steam engine in the eighteenth century.
Page 275
16. The shift from a two-field to a three-field system of crop rotation also contributed to the increase in agricultural production.
17. In the Early Middle Ages, ordinarily only half of the fields would be planted while the other half would be left to lie follow to regain its fertility.
18. Estates were divided into 3 parts.
19. One field was planted in the fall with grains
a. rye
b. wheat
20. Second field was planted in the spring with grains
a. oats
b. barley
c. legumes
i. peas
ii. beans
iii. lentils
21. Third field was allowed to lie fallow.
22. Demand for agricultural produce resulted in higher food prices.
23. Lords try to grow more food for profit.
24. Lords lease their demesne land to their serfs.
25. Labor services= transferred into money payments or fixed rents
26. Serfs became free peasants
27. Many peasants still remained economically dependent on their lords, they were no longer legally tied to the land.
28. Lords became collectors of rents.
29. Lords were no longer operators of a manor.
30. Lords had political and legal privileges.
31. The political and legal powers formerly exercised by lords were increasingly reclaimed by the monarchical states.
32. The basic staple of the peasant diet was bread, so an adequate harvest of grains was crucial to survival in the winter months.
33. A new cycle began in October is when peasants prepared the ground for the planting of winter crops.
34. November was the slaughter month, excess livestock was slaughter because of insufficient fodder to keep animals all winter.
35. The meat would be salted to preserve it for winter use.
36. In February and March, the land was plowed for spring crops.
37. In every season, the serfs worked not only their own land but also the lord's demesne.
38. the 3 great feasts of the catholic church
a. Christmas (celebrating the birth of Jesus)
b. Easter (celebrating the resurrection of Jesus)
c. Pentecost (celebrating the descent of the Holy Spirit on Jesus's disciples fifty days after his resurrection)
39. There were more than 50 holidays in the High Middle Ages.
Page 276
40. The village church was a crucial part of manorial life.
41. The village church provided these services:
a. The peasant was baptized as an infant.
b. The peasant was confirmed in the faith.
c. The peasant was married.
d. The peasant was given the sacrament of Holy Communion.
e. The peasant was given last rites before death.
42. The village priest instructed the peasants in the basic elements of Christianity so that they might attain the Christian's ultimate goal-salvation.
43. Village priests were often barely literate peasants themselves.
44. All regarded God as an all-powerful force who needed to be appeased by prayer to bring good harvests.
45. Peasant houses:
a. timber rich areas
i. wood frames filled with wattling
ii. plastered with clay, straw, animal hair, and dung
b. timber poor areas
i. stone built
46. Poor peasants had single room homes.
47. Others had at least two rooms.
48. Main room was for cooking and eating, other room for sleeping.
49. Homes at this time had few to no windows and no chimney.
50. The smoke from fires in the hearth went out a hole in the roof or gable.
51. Peasant households consisted of a husband and wife with two or three children.
52. Women at this time were expected to carry and bear children, do the spinning and weaving that provided the household's clothes, tend the family's vegetable garden, and provide the meals.
53. A woman's ability to manage the household might determine whether her family would starve or survive in difficult times.
Page 277
54. The basic staple in medieval and peasant diet was bread.
55. Women made the dough for the bread.
56. The loaves were usually baked in community ovens.
57. Community ovens were a monopoly of the lord of the manor.
58. Peasant bread was made of the cheaper grains.
59. Cheaper grains: rye, barley, millet, and oats
60. Wheat was expensive
61. Bread was dark with hard heavy texture
62. Bread was eaten with:
a. legumes (peas and beans)
b. bacon
c. cow or goat cheese
d. wild game
e. fish
63. Lords limited hunting and fishing
64. Peasants usually ate fresh meat only on the great feast days, such as Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost.
65. Grains were important not only for bread but also for making ale.
66. In many northern European countries, ale was the most common drink of the poor.
67. A high consumption of alcohol might explain the large number of fights and accidents recorded in medieval court records.
68. King Alfred's "men of war" were the lords and vassals of medieval society.
69. The lords= kings, dukes, counts, barons, and viscounts
70. viscounts= bishops and archbishops
71. The lords formed the aristocratic or nobility social class.
72. Nobles relied for military help on knights, mounted warriors who fought for them in return for weapons and daily sustenance.
73. Knights initially were by no means the social equals of nobles.
74. Many knights in fact possessed little more than peasants.
75. Later in the 12th & 13th centuries, knights improved their social status and joined the ranks of the nobility.
Page 278
76. Noble and Knights came to mean the same thing.
77. Warfare became a distinguishing characteristic of the nobleman.
78. Nobles and Knights were all warriors united by the institution of knighthood.
79. Knights were notorious for fighting each other.
80. The Catholic Church intervened by instituting the "Peace of God."
81. Beginning in the 11th century, the church encouraged knights to take an oath to respect churches and pilgrimage centers and to refrain from attacking noncombatants, such as clergy, poor people, merchants, and women.
82. They could continue killing each other.
83. The Catholic Church initiated the "Truce of God," which forbade fighting on Sundays and the primary feast days.
84. Being a warrior on behalf of God easily vindicated the nobles' love of war and in fact justified their high social states as the defenders of Christian Society.
85. The church furthered this process by steeping knighthood in Christian symbols.
86. A knight formally received his arms in a religious ceremony, and weapons were blessed by a priest for Christian service.
87. Throughout the Middle Ages, a constant tension existed between the ideals of a religion founded on the ideal of peace and the ethos of a nobility based on the love of war.
Page 279
88. Eleanor of Aquitaine c1122-1204, heiress to the duchy of Aquitaine in southwestern France.
89. Eleanor married king Louis VII of France 1137-1180.
90. Eleanor then married Henry, count of Anjou, who became King Henry II of England 1154-1189.
91. Blanche of Castile 1188-1252 powerful medieval queen.
92. At the age of 7 or 8, aristocratic boys were sent either to a clerical school of pursue a religious career or to another nobleman's castle, where they prepared for the life of a noble.
93. Their chief lessons were military.
94. These boys learned how to joust, hunt, ride, and handle weapons properly.
95. After his apprenticeship in knighthood, at about the age of 21, a young man formally entered the adult world in the ceremony of "knighting."
96. In the 11th and 12th centuries, under the influence of the church, an ideal of civilized behavior called chivalry gradually evolved among the nobility.
Page 281
97. Chivalry represented a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold.
98. English knight William Marshall made a tour of the tournament circuit, defeated 203 knights, and made so much money he had to hire two clerks to take care of it.
Page 283
99. The fairs of Champagne became the largest commercial marketplace in western Europe where the goods of northern Europe could be exchanged for the goods of southern Europe and the East.
100. New trading companies and banking firms were set up to manage the exchange and sale of goods.
Page 284
101. The original meaning of the English borough or burgh and the German burg as a fortress or walled enclosure is still evident in the names of many cities, such as Edinburgh and Hamburg.
102. Townspeople needed mobility to trade.
103. Merchants and artisans= revolutionary group
104. This revolutionary group needed their own unique laws to meet their requirements.
105. Since the townspeople were profiting from the growth of trade and sales of their products, they were willing to pay for the right to make their own laws and govern themselves.
106. Lords and Kings saw the potential for vast new sources of revenues and were willing to grant/sell to the townspeople the liberties they were beginning to demand.
Page 285
107. commune = association
108. Communes were created to revolt against lords because townspeople couldn't get privileges.
109. Tuscany and Lombardy were governed by bishops.
110. Bishops were supported by the emperors.
111. Bishops were used as chief administrators.
112. Pisa, Milan, Arezzo, and Genoa all attained self-government by the end of the 11th century.
Page 286
113. Medieval cities, possessed varying degrees of self-government, depending on the amount of control retained over them by the lord of king in whose territory they were located.
114. Medieval cities defined citizenship narrowly and accord it only to males who had been born in the city or who had lived there for some time.
Page 287
115. Patricians= wealthiest and most powerful families
116. In Medieval cities, citizens elected members of a city council.
117. City councils' primary responsibility was to run the affairs of the city.
118. Consuls= city councilors= Italy and Southern France
119. City councilors enacted legislation, served as judges and city magistrates.
120. Mayor= Sole Executive Leader
Page 288
121. Crime was not a major problem in the towns of the High Middle Ages because the relatively small size of communities made it difficult for criminals to operate openly.
122. 1300 AD, London was the largest city in England, 80,000 people or more.
123. Bruges and Ghent had a population of 40,000.
124. Venice, Florence, Genoa, Milan, and Naples had about 100,000 inhabitants.
Page 290
125. Guilds= Merchants and Artisans organizations
126. Craft guilds directed almost every aspect of the production process.
127. Guilds set standards for the articles produced.
128. Guilds specified the actual methods of production to be used.
129. Guilds fixed the price at which the finished goods could be sold.
130. A person who wanted to learn a trade first became an apprentice to a master craftsman, usually at around the age of ten.
131. Apprentices were not paid.
132. Apprentices received room and board from their master craftsman.
133. Apprentices became journeymen after 5-7 years of services as an apprentice.
134. Once a journeymen, he would work for wages for other master craftsman.
135. For a journey to become a master craftsman, he had to produce a "masterpiece," a finished piece in his craft that allowed the master craftsmen of the guild to judge whether the journeyman was qualified to become a master and join the guild.
136. Woolen industries operated by capitalist entrepreneurs in seventeen principal centers in northern Europe, mostly in Flanders, produced most of the woolen cloth used in northern Europe.
Page 291
137. The university as we know it with faculty, students, and degrees was a product of the High Middle Ages.
138. The word university is derived from the Latin word universitas and referred to either a guild of teachers or a guild of students.
139. Universitas= corporation or guild
140. There were 20 Catheral Schools in 900 AD, but by 1100 AD there were about 200.
141. The primary purpose of cathedral schools was to educate priest to be more literate men of God.
142. The first European university appeared in Bologna, Italy.
143. The first Medical School was established at Salerno, Italy.
144. There was an interest in Justinian's Corpus Iuris Civilis (Roman Law).
145. Irnerius (1088-1125), great teacher, attracted students from all over Europe.
146. Students at the University of Bologna formed a guild to protect themselves.
147. The guild was recognized by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
148. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa gave them a charter in 1158.
149. Faculty had their own guild.
150. The universitas of students at Bologna was far more influencial.
151. Students obtained a promise of freedom for students from local authorities, regulated the price of lodging, and determined the curriculum, fees, and standards for their masters.
152. Teachers were fined if they missed a class or began their lectures late.
153. The University of Bologna remained the greatest law school in Europe throughout the Middle Ages.
154. In northern Europe, the University of Paris became the first recognized university.
155. A number of teachers or masters who had received licenses to teach from the cathedral school of Notre-Dame in Paris began to take on extra students for a fee.
Page 292
156. The University of Oxford in England, organized on the Paris model, first appeared in 1208.
157. A student's initial studies at a medieval university centered around the traditional liberal arts curriculum.
158. The Trivium consisted of grammar, rhetoric, and logic.
159. The Quadrivium comprised arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.
Page 293
160. All classes conducted in Latin.
161. Latin provided a common language for students to communicate.
162. Medieval university instruction used the lecture method.
163. The word lecture is derived from Latin and means "to read."
164. Why lecture system? Before the development of the printing press in the fifteenth century, books were expensive. Few students could afford books. This is why masters read from a text and then added commentaries.
165. When master reads from text and then adds commentaries, that is known as glosses.
166. Women did not attend universities in the Middle Ages.
167. No exams were given after series of lectures.
168. Degrees were given by comprehensive oral examination by a committee of teachers.
169. Degree exams were taken after 4 or 6 year period of study.
170. First degree given was A.B.
171. A.B.= Artium Bhaccalaureus
172. Artium Bhaccalaureus was a bachelor of arts
173. A.M.= Artium Magister
174. Artium Magister= Master of Arts
175. All degrees were technically licenses to teach, most students did not become teachers.
176. Theology was the most highly regarded subject of the medieval curriculum.
177. After completing the liberal arts curriculum, a student could go on to study law, medicine, or theology.
178. A law degree was deemed essential for those who wished to serve as advisers to kings and princes.
179. There was a growing need for administrative positions in the bureaucracies of popes and kings. They needed a supply of clerks with a university education who could keep records and draw up official documents.
Page 294
180. It was through the Muslim world that the West recovered Aristotle and other Greek works.
Page 295
181. Adelard of Bath (1090-1150) was one source of these works. Having traveled throughout the Mediterranean region, he later translated an Arabic version of Euclid's Elements into Latin, as well as the mathematical works of al-Khwarizmi.
182. Adelard also introduced to Europeans the astrolabe, an Arabic astronomical instrument that proved valuable to sailors.
Page 296
183. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) was responsible for furthering the new scholastic approach to theology.
184. Theologians were divided into two major schools of thought reflecting the earlier traditions of Greek thought, especially the divergent schools of Plato and Aristotle.
185. Theologians following Plato were called "the Scholastic Realists."
186. The Scholastic Realist took the position that the individual objects that we perceive with our senses, such as trees, are not real but merely manifestations of universal ideas ("treeness") that exist in the mind of God.
187. All knowledge, then, is based on the ideas implanted in human reason by the creator.
188. To the realists, truth can be discovered only by contemplating universal.
189. The nominalists were adherents of Aristotle's ideas and believed that only individual objects are real.
190. Nominalists believed that the truth could be discovered only by examining individual objects.
191. The most famous attempt to reconcile Aristotle and the doctrines of Christianity was that of Saint Thomas Aquinas.
Page 298
192. Vernacular= the local language
193. Most popular vernacular literature= Troubadour poetry
194. Troubadour Poetry= focused on themes of courtly love, the love of a knight for a lady
195. Troubadour Poetry started in France
Page 299
196. Chansons de geste= Heroic epic
197. The Courtly Romance= long poem
Page 300
198. Romanesque churches were normally built in the rectangular basilica shape used in the construction of churches in the late Roman Empire.
199. Gothic cathedral remains one of the greatest artistic triumphs of the High Middle Ages.
200. Gothic cathedrals two fundamental innovations
a. The combination of ribbed vaults and pointed arches replaced the barrel vault of Romanesque churches and enabled builders to make Gothic churches higher than their Romanesque counterparts.
b. The flying buttress, a heavy arched pier of stone built onto the outside of the walls, made it possible to distribute the weight of the church's vaulted ceilings outward and downward and thereby eliminate the heavy walls used in Romanesque churches to hold the weight of the massive barrel units.
Page 301
201. The colored light that filled Gothic cathedrals was not accidental but was achieved by people inspired by the belief that natural light was a symbol of the divine light of God.
202. Gothic churches were the first monumental structures of consequence built by free, salaried labor.
Notes
Page 273
1. High Middle Ages= c950-c1280
2. Population increased by the expansion of cultivated or arable land.
Page 274
3. Carruca=wheel plow
4. The carruca made an enormous impact on medieval agriculture north of the Alps.
5. Aratum= plow from Mediterranean and Near Eastern World
6. Aratum, a nonwheeled, is a light scratch plow made mostly of wood that was sufficient to break the top layer of the light soils of those areas.
7. 2 new inventions helped farming
a. New horse collar developed to distribute weight of plow protected.
b. Horseshoe, produce greater traction and protected against heavy clay and rocks.
8. wheeled plows were expensive; because iron was expensive
9. Entire community had to purchase wheeled plow
10. An individual family could not afford a team of animals, so villagers shared their beasts.
11. The High Middle Ages harnessed the power of water and wind to do jobs formerly done by human or animal power.
12. Watermill invented on the second century, but came into wide use in the High Middle Ages.
13. The development of the cam enabled millwrights to mechanize entire industries.
14. Windmills were invented in Persia.
15. The watermill and windmill were the most important devices for harnessing power before the invention of the steam engine in the eighteenth century.
Page 275
16. The shift from a two-field to a three-field system of crop rotation also contributed to the increase in agricultural production.
17. In the Early Middle Ages, ordinarily only half of the fields would be planted while the other half would be left to lie follow to regain its fertility.
18. Estates were divided into 3 parts.
19. One field was planted in the fall with grains
a. rye
b. wheat
20. Second field was planted in the spring with grains
a. oats
b. barley
c. legumes
i. peas
ii. beans
iii. lentils
21. Third field was allowed to lie fallow.
22. Demand for agricultural produce resulted in higher food prices.
23. Lords try to grow more food for profit.
24. Lords lease their demesne land to their serfs.
25. Labor services= transferred into money payments or fixed rents
26. Serfs became free peasants
27. Many peasants still remained economically dependent on their lords, they were no longer legally tied to the land.
28. Lords became collectors of rents.
29. Lords were no longer operators of a manor.
30. Lords had political and legal privileges.
31. The political and legal powers formerly exercised by lords were increasingly reclaimed by the monarchical states.
32. The basic staple of the peasant diet was bread, so an adequate harvest of grains was crucial to survival in the winter months.
33. A new cycle began in October is when peasants prepared the ground for the planting of winter crops.
34. November was the slaughter month, excess livestock was slaughter because of insufficient fodder to keep animals all winter.
35. The meat would be salted to preserve it for winter use.
36. In February and March, the land was plowed for spring crops.
37. In every season, the serfs worked not only their own land but also the lord's demesne.
38. the 3 great feasts of the catholic church
a. Christmas (celebrating the birth of Jesus)
b. Easter (celebrating the resurrection of Jesus)
c. Pentecost (celebrating the descent of the Holy Spirit on Jesus's disciples fifty days after his resurrection)
39. There were more than 50 holidays in the High Middle Ages.
Page 276
40. The village church was a crucial part of manorial life.
41. The village church provided these services:
a. The peasant was baptized as an infant.
b. The peasant was confirmed in the faith.
c. The peasant was married.
d. The peasant was given the sacrament of Holy Communion.
e. The peasant was given last rites before death.
42. The village priest instructed the peasants in the basic elements of Christianity so that they might attain the Christian's ultimate goal-salvation.
43. Village priests were often barely literate peasants themselves.
44. All regarded God as an all-powerful force who needed to be appeased by prayer to bring good harvests.
45. Peasant houses:
a. timber rich areas
i. wood frames filled with wattling
ii. plastered with clay, straw, animal hair, and dung
b. timber poor areas
i. stone built
46. Poor peasants had single room homes.
47. Others had at least two rooms.
48. Main room was for cooking and eating, other room for sleeping.
49. Homes at this time had few to no windows and no chimney.
50. The smoke from fires in the hearth went out a hole in the roof or gable.
51. Peasant households consisted of a husband and wife with two or three children.
52. Women at this time were expected to carry and bear children, do the spinning and weaving that provided the household's clothes, tend the family's vegetable garden, and provide the meals.
53. A woman's ability to manage the household might determine whether her family would starve or survive in difficult times.
Page 277
54. The basic staple in medieval and peasant diet was bread.
55. Women made the dough for the bread.
56. The loaves were usually baked in community ovens.
57. Community ovens were a monopoly of the lord of the manor.
58. Peasant bread was made of the cheaper grains.
59. Cheaper grains: rye, barley, millet, and oats
60. Wheat was expensive
61. Bread was dark with hard heavy texture
62. Bread was eaten with:
a. legumes (peas and beans)
b. bacon
c. cow or goat cheese
d. wild game
e. fish
63. Lords limited hunting and fishing
64. Peasants usually ate fresh meat only on the great feast days, such as Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost.
65. Grains were important not only for bread but also for making ale.
66. In many northern European countries, ale was the most common drink of the poor.
67. A high consumption of alcohol might explain the large number of fights and accidents recorded in medieval court records.
68. King Alfred's "men of war" were the lords and vassals of medieval society.
69. The lords= kings, dukes, counts, barons, and viscounts
70. viscounts= bishops and archbishops
71. The lords formed the aristocratic or nobility social class.
72. Nobles relied for military help on knights, mounted warriors who fought for them in return for weapons and daily sustenance.
73. Knights initially were by no means the social equals of nobles.
74. Many knights in fact possessed little more than peasants.
75. Later in the 12th & 13th centuries, knights improved their social status and joined the ranks of the nobility.
Page 278
76. Noble and Knights came to mean the same thing.
77. Warfare became a distinguishing characteristic of the nobleman.
78. Nobles and Knights were all warriors united by the institution of knighthood.
79. Knights were notorious for fighting each other.
80. The Catholic Church intervened by instituting the "Peace of God."
81. Beginning in the 11th century, the church encouraged knights to take an oath to respect churches and pilgrimage centers and to refrain from attacking noncombatants, such as clergy, poor people, merchants, and women.
82. They could continue killing each other.
83. The Catholic Church initiated the "Truce of God," which forbade fighting on Sundays and the primary feast days.
84. Being a warrior on behalf of God easily vindicated the nobles' love of war and in fact justified their high social states as the defenders of Christian Society.
85. The church furthered this process by steeping knighthood in Christian symbols.
86. A knight formally received his arms in a religious ceremony, and weapons were blessed by a priest for Christian service.
87. Throughout the Middle Ages, a constant tension existed between the ideals of a religion founded on the ideal of peace and the ethos of a nobility based on the love of war.
Page 279
88. Eleanor of Aquitaine c1122-1204, heiress to the duchy of Aquitaine in southwestern France.
89. Eleanor married king Louis VII of France 1137-1180.
90. Eleanor then married Henry, count of Anjou, who became King Henry II of England 1154-1189.
91. Blanche of Castile 1188-1252 powerful medieval queen.
92. At the age of 7 or 8, aristocratic boys were sent either to a clerical school of pursue a religious career or to another nobleman's castle, where they prepared for the life of a noble.
93. Their chief lessons were military.
94. These boys learned how to joust, hunt, ride, and handle weapons properly.
95. After his apprenticeship in knighthood, at about the age of 21, a young man formally entered the adult world in the ceremony of "knighting."
96. In the 11th and 12th centuries, under the influence of the church, an ideal of civilized behavior called chivalry gradually evolved among the nobility.
Page 281
97. Chivalry represented a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold.
98. English knight William Marshall made a tour of the tournament circuit, defeated 203 knights, and made so much money he had to hire two clerks to take care of it.
Page 283
99. The fairs of Champagne became the largest commercial marketplace in western Europe where the goods of northern Europe could be exchanged for the goods of southern Europe and the East.
100. New trading companies and banking firms were set up to manage the exchange and sale of goods.
Page 284
101. The original meaning of the English borough or burgh and the German burg as a fortress or walled enclosure is still evident in the names of many cities, such as Edinburgh and Hamburg.
102. Townspeople needed mobility to trade.
103. Merchants and artisans= revolutionary group
104. This revolutionary group needed their own unique laws to meet their requirements.
105. Since the townspeople were profiting from the growth of trade and sales of their products, they were willing to pay for the right to make their own laws and govern themselves.
106. Lords and Kings saw the potential for vast new sources of revenues and were willing to grant/sell to the townspeople the liberties they were beginning to demand.
Page 285
107. commune = association
108. Communes were created to revolt against lords because townspeople couldn't get privileges.
109. Tuscany and Lombardy were governed by bishops.
110. Bishops were supported by the emperors.
111. Bishops were used as chief administrators.
112. Pisa, Milan, Arezzo, and Genoa all attained self-government by the end of the 11th century.
Page 286
113. Medieval cities, possessed varying degrees of self-government, depending on the amount of control retained over them by the lord of king in whose territory they were located.
114. Medieval cities defined citizenship narrowly and accord it only to males who had been born in the city or who had lived there for some time.
Page 287
115. Patricians= wealthiest and most powerful families
116. In Medieval cities, citizens elected members of a city council.
117. City councils' primary responsibility was to run the affairs of the city.
118. Consuls= city councilors= Italy and Southern France
119. City councilors enacted legislation, served as judges and city magistrates.
120. Mayor= Sole Executive Leader
Page 288
121. Crime was not a major problem in the towns of the High Middle Ages because the relatively small size of communities made it difficult for criminals to operate openly.
122. 1300 AD, London was the largest city in England, 80,000 people or more.
123. Bruges and Ghent had a population of 40,000.
124. Venice, Florence, Genoa, Milan, and Naples had about 100,000 inhabitants.
Page 290
125. Guilds= Merchants and Artisans organizations
126. Craft guilds directed almost every aspect of the production process.
127. Guilds set standards for the articles produced.
128. Guilds specified the actual methods of production to be used.
129. Guilds fixed the price at which the finished goods could be sold.
130. A person who wanted to learn a trade first became an apprentice to a master craftsman, usually at around the age of ten.
131. Apprentices were not paid.
132. Apprentices received room and board from their master craftsman.
133. Apprentices became journeymen after 5-7 years of services as an apprentice.
134. Once a journeymen, he would work for wages for other master craftsman.
135. For a journey to become a master craftsman, he had to produce a "masterpiece," a finished piece in his craft that allowed the master craftsmen of the guild to judge whether the journeyman was qualified to become a master and join the guild.
136. Woolen industries operated by capitalist entrepreneurs in seventeen principal centers in northern Europe, mostly in Flanders, produced most of the woolen cloth used in northern Europe.
Page 291
137. The university as we know it with faculty, students, and degrees was a product of the High Middle Ages.
138. The word university is derived from the Latin word universitas and referred to either a guild of teachers or a guild of students.
139. Universitas= corporation or guild
140. There were 20 Catheral Schools in 900 AD, but by 1100 AD there were about 200.
141. The primary purpose of cathedral schools was to educate priest to be more literate men of God.
142. The first European university appeared in Bologna, Italy.
143. The first Medical School was established at Salerno, Italy.
144. There was an interest in Justinian's Corpus Iuris Civilis (Roman Law).
145. Irnerius (1088-1125), great teacher, attracted students from all over Europe.
146. Students at the University of Bologna formed a guild to protect themselves.
147. The guild was recognized by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
148. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa gave them a charter in 1158.
149. Faculty had their own guild.
150. The universitas of students at Bologna was far more influencial.
151. Students obtained a promise of freedom for students from local authorities, regulated the price of lodging, and determined the curriculum, fees, and standards for their masters.
152. Teachers were fined if they missed a class or began their lectures late.
153. The University of Bologna remained the greatest law school in Europe throughout the Middle Ages.
154. In northern Europe, the University of Paris became the first recognized university.
155. A number of teachers or masters who had received licenses to teach from the cathedral school of Notre-Dame in Paris began to take on extra students for a fee.
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156. The University of Oxford in England, organized on the Paris model, first appeared in 1208.
157. A student's initial studies at a medieval university centered around the traditional liberal arts curriculum.
158. The Trivium consisted of grammar, rhetoric, and logic.
159. The Quadrivium comprised arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.
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160. All classes conducted in Latin.
161. Latin provided a common language for students to communicate.
162. Medieval university instruction used the lecture method.
163. The word lecture is derived from Latin and means "to read."
164. Why lecture system? Before the development of the printing press in the fifteenth century, books were expensive. Few students could afford books. This is why masters read from a text and then added commentaries.
165. When master reads from text and then adds commentaries, that is known as glosses.
166. Women did not attend universities in the Middle Ages.
167. No exams were given after series of lectures.
168. Degrees were given by comprehensive oral examination by a committee of teachers.
169. Degree exams were taken after 4 or 6 year period of study.
170. First degree given was A.B.
171. A.B.= Artium Bhaccalaureus
172. Artium Bhaccalaureus was a bachelor of arts
173. A.M.= Artium Magister
174. Artium Magister= Master of Arts
175. All degrees were technically licenses to teach, most students did not become teachers.
176. Theology was the most highly regarded subject of the medieval curriculum.
177. After completing the liberal arts curriculum, a student could go on to study law, medicine, or theology.
178. A law degree was deemed essential for those who wished to serve as advisers to kings and princes.
179. There was a growing need for administrative positions in the bureaucracies of popes and kings. They needed a supply of clerks with a university education who could keep records and draw up official documents.
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180. It was through the Muslim world that the West recovered Aristotle and other Greek works.
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181. Adelard of Bath (1090-1150) was one source of these works. Having traveled throughout the Mediterranean region, he later translated an Arabic version of Euclid's Elements into Latin, as well as the mathematical works of al-Khwarizmi.
182. Adelard also introduced to Europeans the astrolabe, an Arabic astronomical instrument that proved valuable to sailors.
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183. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) was responsible for furthering the new scholastic approach to theology.
184. Theologians were divided into two major schools of thought reflecting the earlier traditions of Greek thought, especially the divergent schools of Plato and Aristotle.
185. Theologians following Plato were called "the Scholastic Realists."
186. The Scholastic Realist took the position that the individual objects that we perceive with our senses, such as trees, are not real but merely manifestations of universal ideas ("treeness") that exist in the mind of God.
187. All knowledge, then, is based on the ideas implanted in human reason by the creator.
188. To the realists, truth can be discovered only by contemplating universal.
189. The nominalists were adherents of Aristotle's ideas and believed that only individual objects are real.
190. Nominalists believed that the truth could be discovered only by examining individual objects.
191. The most famous attempt to reconcile Aristotle and the doctrines of Christianity was that of Saint Thomas Aquinas.
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192. Vernacular= the local language
193. Most popular vernacular literature= Troubadour poetry
194. Troubadour Poetry= focused on themes of courtly love, the love of a knight for a lady
195. Troubadour Poetry started in France
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196. Chansons de geste= Heroic epic
197. The Courtly Romance= long poem
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198. Romanesque churches were normally built in the rectangular basilica shape used in the construction of churches in the late Roman Empire.
199. Gothic cathedral remains one of the greatest artistic triumphs of the High Middle Ages.
200. Gothic cathedrals two fundamental innovations
a. The combination of ribbed vaults and pointed arches replaced the barrel vault of Romanesque churches and enabled builders to make Gothic churches higher than their Romanesque counterparts.
b. The flying buttress, a heavy arched pier of stone built onto the outside of the walls, made it possible to distribute the weight of the church's vaulted ceilings outward and downward and thereby eliminate the heavy walls used in Romanesque churches to hold the weight of the massive barrel units.
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201. The colored light that filled Gothic cathedrals was not accidental but was achieved by people inspired by the belief that natural light was a symbol of the divine light of God.
202. Gothic churches were the first monumental structures of consequence built by free, salaried labor.
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