Book: Western Civilization, 8th Edition
Author: Jackson J. Spielvogel
ISBN: 978-0-495-91329-0
Chapter: Three
U-$22-B-0.006065-BE-227
Notes
Page 61
1. The earliest civilization in the Aegean region was in Crete 2800 BCE.
2. Minos=legendary king of Crete
3. Minoan= island of Crete
4. Minoans were not Greek in language and religion
Page 62
5. Minoan civilization reached its height between 2000-1450 BCE
6. Mycenaeans= mainland Greeks
7. Mycenaean Greek civilization 1600-1100 BCE
Page 63
8. Mycenaean civilization had many powerful monarchies.
9. Monarchies found in Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Orchomenos
10. Mycenae was the strongest monarchy.
11. Linear B= Greek script
Page 64
12. Mycenaean culture was coming to an end by 1100 BCE
13. Dark Age= 1100-850 BCE
14. Farming was revive in Mycenaean
15. Iona= southwestern shore of Asia Minor
16. Ionians had their own dialect
17. Aeolian Greeks= lived in northern and central Greece
18. Aeolians colonized the island of Lesbos and northwestern coast of Asia Minor.
19. Dorians established themselves in Southwestern Greece
20. Trade and economic activity besides agriculture began.
21. Iron replaced bronze in the construction of weapons.
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22. Farming tools made of iron decline food storages.
23. Greeks adopted Phoenician alphabet.
24. Greeks made learning to read and write simpler.
25. Greeks reduce all words to a combination of 24 letters
26. Homer appeared during this Dark Age and become a great poet.
27. Iliad and the Odyssey were based on stories passed on from generation to generation.
28. Paris= Prince of Troy
29. Helen= wife of King of Sparta
30. Paris kidnapped Helen
31. Agamemnon= Spartan King's brother
32. War took 10 years
33. Iliad is about Greek hero Achilles
34. Odyssey is a romance story of Greek hero Odysseus
35. Iliad and the Odyssey describe the social conditions of the Dark Age
36. Home's poems reflect the values of aristocratic heroes
37. Homer did not record history; he made it.
38. The Greeks regarded the Iliad and the Odyssey as authentic history.
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39. Arete= a hero strives for excellence
40. Arete is won in a struggle or contest
41. In the Homeric world, aristocratic women were expected to pursue excellence.
42. Archaic Age of Greece= 750-500 BCE
43. Two major developments
a. The city-state or Polls as the central institution in Greek life
b. Greeks' colonization of the Mediterranean and B
44. Eight century BCE= 800-701 BCE
45. The Greek polis developed slowly
46. The polis= in a physical sense, encompassed a town or city or even a village and its surrounding countryside.
47. The town or city served as the focus or central point where the citizens of the town/polis could assemble for political, social, and religious activities.
48. In some poleis (plural for polis), the top of hills served as a place of refuge during an attack or a religious center.
49. Later some hill locales became religious centers where temples and public monuments were built.
50. The temples and public monuments became known as acropolis.
51. Below these acropolis would be an agora.
52. Agora= an open space that served both as a place where citizens could assemble and as a market.
53. Poleis varied greatly in size, from a few square miles to a few hundred miles.
54. The large poleis were the product of consolidation.
55. The polis was much more than a political institution.
56. Poleis were a community of citizens in which all political, economic, social, cultural, and religious activities were focused.
57. The polis consisted of citizens with political rights.
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58. Males had rights
59. Women and children had no rights but were citizens.
60. Slaves and resident aliens had no rights and were noncitizens.
61. Citizens were very loyal to their polis.
62. Poleis didn't trust each other.
63. The division of Greece into fiercely patriotic sovereign units helped bring about its ruin.
64. The cultural unity of the Greeks did not mean much politically.
65. Early Greece, wars were fought by aristocratic cavalry soldiers-nobles on horseback.
66. Hoplites= heavily armed infantrymen who wore bronze or leather helmets, breastplates, and greaves (shin guards). They carried a round shield, short sword, and a 9 ft long spear.
67. Phalanx= a rectangular formation
68. They attack in a phalanx formation, winning battles
69. Hoplites first developed in Peloponnesus.
70. Aristrocratic cavalry was now outdated.
71. Each soldier provided his own armor.
72. Providing your own armor made you "men of property."
73. Aristocrats and small farmers made up the new phalanx.
74. This created a bond between the aristocrats and peasants.
75. This minimized class conflict.
76. Aristocrats dominated their societies.
77. Those who could become hoplites and fight for the state could also challenge aristocratic control.
78. War became a way of life.
79. Greeks possessed excellent weapons and body armor.
80. Greek armies included citizen-soldiers that accepted training and discipline.
81. Greeks displayed a willingness to engage the enemy head-on.
82. Greeks demonstrated the effectiveness of heavy infantry in determining the outcome of a battle.
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83. Poverty, land hunger, and overpopulation were the factors that led to the establishment of colonies.
84. Some Greek colonies were simply trading posts or centers for the transshipment of goods to Greece.
85. Most Greek colonies were larger settlements that include fertile agricultural land taken from the native populations in those areas.
86. Each colony was founded as a polis and was usually independent of the mother polis (metropolis) that had established it.
87. Magna Graecia= Coastline of Southern Italy, including the cities of Tarentum (Taranto) and Neapolis (Naples).
88. Syracuse= city in eastern Sicily in 734 BCE
89. Syracuse belong to city-state of Corinth
90. Greek settlements were also established in southern France: Marseilles, eastern Spain, and northern Africa west of Egypt
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91. The colonies contributed to the diffusion of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean basin.
92. Colonization helped the Greeks foster a great sense of Greek identity.
93. Once Greeks from different communities went abroad and encountered peoples with different languages and customs, they became more aware of their own linguistic and cultural similarities.
94. The expansion of trade and industry created a new group of rich men who desired political privileges commensurate with their wealth.
95. These privileges were impossible to gain because of the power of the aristocrats.
96. This led to political crisis.
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97. Greek tyrants were rulers who seized power by force and who were not subject to the law.
98. Once tyrants were in power, they built new marketplaces, temples, and walls that created jobs, glorified the city, and also enhanced their own popularity.
99. Tyrants favored the interests of merchants and traders.
100. Tyrants encouraged founding of new colonies.
101. Tyrants added to the prosperity of their cities.
102. Corinth is the most famous example of tyrant control.
103. The Bacchiad Family were the first tyrants, then they were overthrown by Cypselus.
104. Tyranny came to an end in Greece by the sixth century.
105. The Greeks of Sparta and Athens spoke different political systems.
106. Spartans= occupied four small villages
107. After time, they became unified into a single polis.
108. This made Sparta a strong community in Laconia.
109. Perioiko= Laconians, free inhabitants but not citizens
110. Perioiko= had to pay taxes and perform military service for Sparta
111. Helots= bound to land, force to work on farms, force to work on households as servants for the Spartans.
112. 730 BCE Spartans started to conquer Messenia.
113. 800-600 BCE, the Spartans instituted a series of reforms by lawgiver Lycurgus.
114. Babies were examined at birth and unfit were killed.
115. Boys at 7 years old were put under control of the state.
116. At 20 years old, boys were enrolled in the army.
117. At 30 years old, Spartan males were allowed to vote in the assembly and live at home.
118. Spartan males remained in the army until the age of 60.
119. Because of the husbands living in the barracks, women had more freedom and power than other women in Greece.
120. Women were encouraged to exercise and remain fit to bear and raise children.
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121. Spartan social structure was rigidly organized.
a. At the top: Spartiates- Full Spartan Citizens
b. Level 2: Perioikoi
c. Level 3: Helots
122. Spartiates
a. owned a piece of land
b. land worked by helots
c. land provided economic sustence
123. Perioikoi= no citizenship but served as small merchants and artisans. They were subject to military duty.
124. Helots= farmed the land and gave their masters half of the produce.
125. Helots had a force lived secret police live among them.
126. Secret Police was allowed to kill any helot considered dangerous.
127. To legalize this murder, the state officially declared war on the helots at the beginning of each year.
128. The so-called Lycurgan reforms also reorganized the Spartan government, creating an oligarchy.
129. Two kings from different families were leaders of the Spartan army.
130. The kings served as the supreme priests within the state religion and had some role in foreign policy.
131. Gerousia= Council of Elders
132. The two kings shared power with Gerousia
133. Gerousia
a. 28 citizens over age of 60 years old
b. Prepare proposals that would be presented to apella.
134. Apella= Assembly of all male citizens
135. Assembly did not debate proposals just voted on them.
136. Assembly rarely rejected proposals.
137. Assembly elected members for Gerousia and Ephors.
138. To balance the power of the kings and the Gerousia, the Spartan state created a college of five ephors.
139. Ephors
a. elected annually
b. all males over 30 years old were eligible
c. their duties
i. convening the Gerousia supervising the education of youth
ii. convening the conduct of citizens
iii. serve as judges in civil cases
iv. could bring changes against a king for wrongdoing
140. Sparta was a military state
141. Foreigners were discouraged to visit Sparta.
142. Spartans were discouraged to travel.
143. Trade and commerce were minimized.
144. Spartans were discouraged to pursue philosophy, literature, and the arts.
145. The art of war and ruling was the Spartan ideal.
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146. Sparta dominated the Peloponnesus League and determined its policies.
147. By 700 BCE, Athens had established a unified polis on the peninsula of Attica.
148. Areopagus= Council of Nobles
149. Athens was first ruled by a monarchy, then by aristocrats.
150. Archons= persons who served one year at the Areopagus.
151. Ecclesia= Assembly of full citizens
152. Athenian farmers were sold into slavery when they defaulted on their loans that were collateral by them.
153. Solon= Reform-minded Aristocrat
154. Solon was given full power to make reforms in 594 BCE
155. Achievements of Solon
a. canceled all current land debt
b. outlawed new loans based on human collateral
c. freed people who had fallen into slavery for debt
d. he did not redistribute land
e. failed to deal with the basic cause of economic crisis
156. Wealth instead of birth now qualified people for holding political office.
157. This created upward political mobility
158. Solon divided all Athenian citizens into four classes on the basis of wealth.
159. Athenian Classes
a. 1st Class
i. Only Men
ii. Could join archonship and Areopagus
iii. Could sit in Heliaea
b. 2nd Class
i. Could join archonship and Areopagus
ii. Could sit in Heliaea
c. 3rd Class
i. Men could be elected to Boule
ii. could sit in Heliaea
d. 4th Class
i. Not allowed to hold any political office
ii. Could vote in Assembly
iii. Could Sit in Heliaea
160. Boule= New Council of 400, function is to prepare agenda for the assembly
161. Heliaea= New Popular Court to hear appeals from cases tried before the archons
162. Any male citizen could bring to the new court charges against any magistrate suspected of a crime.
163. Government officials were now answerable to all citizens.
164. Solon defined a citizen as a person who is involved in public affairs.
165. Citizen did not include women.
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166. Pisistratus, an aristocrat and a distant relative of Solon, seized power in 560 BCE and made himself a tyrant.
167. The assembly, councils, and courts continued to function while he was in power.
168. Pisistratus made sure that his supporters were elected as magistrates and council members.
169. Pisistratus was popular and people liked him.
170. Hippias, son of Pisistratus, wasn't popular and was sent into exile 527-510 BCE.
171. The reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 BCE established the basis for Athenian democracy.
172. demes= were the basic units of political life
173. All the citizens of the demes were enrolled in ten new tribes.
174. Each view tribe chose 50 members for the new Council of 500
175. New Council of Five Hundred
a. Administration of foreign and financial affairs
b. Prepared the business that would be handled by the assembly
176. Assembly
a. All male citizens
b. Authority of passing laws
177. Kouros= life-size stone statues of young male nudes
178. Sappho= female lyric poet lived in Lesbos
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179. Classical Greece 500-338 BCE
180. Marathon was the site that Athenians and Plataeans defeated the Persian forces.
181. Athenian leader Themistocles created the navy
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182. Triremes= ships with three banks of oars
183. Athenians used silver from Laurium to finance a new port facility and 200 ships by 480 BCE
184. In 480 BCE Xerxes, Persian monarch, invades Greece
185. Persian Forces under Xerxes command
a. 150,000 troops
b. 700 Naval Ships
c. 100s of Supply Ships to feed army
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186. The Pass of Thermopylae
a. Spartans led by King Leonidas
b. 300 Spartans
c. held off Persian army for 2 days
187. Naval Battle of Salamis
a. Persian forces were Phoenicians and Ionians
b. Greek Navy won the battle
188. Xerxes returns to Ionia, but left troops at Thessaly
189. Greek forces defeat Persians at Plataea
190. Greeks then defeat Persian Navy at Mycale in Ionia.
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191. Delian League= Confederation formed 478-477 BCE
a. dominated by Athenians
b. headquarters on island of Delos
c. members: Athens, Lesbos, Samos, Chios, Naxos, Thasos
192. The Delian League continued to fight against the Persian Army and drove them back to Asia in 469 BCE.
193. In 470 BCE, Naxos withdrew from Delian League
194. Athens attacks Naxos and Thasos. Athens took over their fleets, eliminated their liberty, and forced them to pay tribute.
195. "No Secession" became Athenian policy
196. The Delian League was rapidly becoming an instrument of Athenian imperialism and the nucleus of an Athenian empire.
197. The Age of Pericles c450s BCE
198. Ecclesia= Assembly
a. all male citizens of 18 years old
b. 440s= group of about 43,000
c. passed all laws
d. made final decisions on war and foreign policy
e. respected leaders spoke
199. Prytanies= 10 groups of 50 male members
a. each prytany held office for one-tenth of the year to supervise execution of the laws passed by the assembly
200. strategoi= A board of ten officials known as generals
a. elected by public to guide affairs of state
201. First Peloponnesian War c460-445 BCE
202. Athens lost many battles to the Spartans, by 445 BCE they agreed to a 30 Year Peace
203. Athenians moved the Delian League treasury from the island of Delos to Athens in 454 BCE
204. Members of the Delian League were charged a fee (tribute) for the protection of the treasury.
205. Pericles used the money of the treasury without member permission to build temples around Athens.
206. This action from Pericles made the Delian League seem like it had become the Athenian Empire.
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207. Spartans were concerned of Athens power and thought they may influence the Peloponnesian League
208. First conflicts Corinth and Athens and then Athens and Megara.
209. 430 BCE a plague devastated the crowded city of Athens and wiped out possibly 1/3 of the population
210. Pericles dies in 429 BCE
211. Cleon becomes new leader
212. Brasidas was a great general for Sparta.
213. Battle of Amphipolis in 422 BCE Brasidas and Cleon die.
214. Nicias becomes new leader of Athens and he negotiated the Peace of Nicias in 421 BCE.
215. Second phase of war 6 years after peace
216. Alcibiades= nephew of Pericles
217. Alcibiades was elected general in 420 BCE by the people in Athens.
218. Alcibiades convinced Athens to invade Sicily
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219. The invasion was ill-fated and Alcibiades was removed during the invasion. He flees to Sparta.
220. In Sparta, Alcibiades advises Sparta on how to defeat Athens by getting help from Persia.
221. The Athenians fail to take Syracuse in Sicily and while retreating were all killed or sold into slavery.
222. The heavily loss for Athens in Sicily weakened the democracy in Athens. In 411-410 BCE, an aristocratic oligarchy was temporarily established.
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223. 405 BCE the Athenian fleet was destroyed at Aegospotami on the Hellespont. The Athenian empire was dissolved.
224. Next 7 years there are 3 Greek power states: Sparta, Athens and Thebes
225. Sparta placed 10 men boards (local oligarchies) with their garrisons to control "liberated" states from Athenian imperialism.
226. In Athens, the Spartans placed the "Thirty Tyrants." They got their nickname because they executed 1500 democratic opponents.
227. King Agesilaus, Spartan King, led a Greek expedition in Asia Minor in 396 BCE
228. Persia offered financial support to Athens, Thebes, and other Greek states to oppose Spartan power within Greece.
229. This started the Corinthian War 395-386 BCE
230. In 371 BCE, Epaminondas (leader of city-state Thebes) defeated the Spartan army at the Battle of Leuctra.
231. In 362 BCE, Epaminondas dies at the Battle of Mantinea.
232. The Persian Wars written by Herodotus C484-425 BCE
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233. History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides c460-400 BCE
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234. The first Greek dramas were tragedies, plays based on the suffering of a hero and usually ending in disaster.
235. Aeschylus (525-456 BCE) composed "Oresteia," a Greek tragedy play.
236. Sophocles was a great Athenian playwright c496-406 BCE his play was "Oedipus the King"
237. Euripides wrote "The Bacchae," he was Athenian c485-406 BCE
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238. "The Clouds" and "Lysistrata" written by Aristophanes c450-385 BCE
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239. Parthenon is the greatest example of the classical Greek Temple 447-432 BCE
240. Greek sculptors sought to achieve not realism but a standard of ideal beauty.
241. Polyclitus, a sculptor, called his work "Doryphoros." His theory was the use of ideal proportions based on mathematical ratios found in nature, could produce an ideal human form.
242. Classical Greek was in search for ideal beauty
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243. Philosophy is a Greek word that literally means "love of wisdom"
244. Sophists were a group of philosophical teachers who concentrated on human behavior.
245. Socrates 469-399 BCE was a stone mason
246. Socrates believed the goal of education was only to improve the individual.
247. Socratic Method is a question and answer technique t lead pupils to see things from themselves using their own reason.
248. Socrates' questioning of authority and public demonstrations of others' lack of knowledge led him into trouble.
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249. Athens defeat in the Peloponnesian War created an environment in Athens intolerant of open debate and soul-searching.
250. Socrates was accused and convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens by his teaching, and an Athenian jury sentenced him to death.
251. "The Republic" written by Plato c429-347 BCE
252. Plato was a student of Socrates.
253. Plato established a school at Athens known as the Academy.
254. Aristotle studied at this school for 20 years.
255. Aristotle became a tutor to Alexander the Great.
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256. Aristotle wrote "Politics"
a. 3 good forms of government
i. monarchy, aristocracy, constitutional government
b. monarchy can turn to tyranny
c. aristocracy can turn to oligarchy
d. constitutional government into radical democracy or anarchy
257. Greek Religion had 12 chief gods
258. These gods lived on Mount Olympus, highest mountain in Greece
259. Zeus, Chief Deity and Father of the Gods
260. Each polis singled out one god as a guardian deity of its community
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261. 776 BCE first Olympics held to honor Zeus
262. Use of an oracle was practical in Greek religion
263. Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, located on the side of Mount Parnassus.
264. Eleusinian Cult connected with the myth of Demeter. This was a fertility cult in which participants felt reborn and gained some hope for life after death.
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265. A Greek soldier on a war campaign usually took along one slave to carry his armor.
266. Slaves who worked public construction were paid the same as metics or citizens.
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267. Hetairai= female companion
268. symposium= sophisticated drinking party
Author: Jackson J. Spielvogel
ISBN: 978-0-495-91329-0
Chapter: Three
U-$22-B-0.006065-BE-227
Notes
Page 61
1. The earliest civilization in the Aegean region was in Crete 2800 BCE.
2. Minos=legendary king of Crete
3. Minoan= island of Crete
4. Minoans were not Greek in language and religion
Page 62
5. Minoan civilization reached its height between 2000-1450 BCE
6. Mycenaeans= mainland Greeks
7. Mycenaean Greek civilization 1600-1100 BCE
Page 63
8. Mycenaean civilization had many powerful monarchies.
9. Monarchies found in Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Orchomenos
10. Mycenae was the strongest monarchy.
11. Linear B= Greek script
Page 64
12. Mycenaean culture was coming to an end by 1100 BCE
13. Dark Age= 1100-850 BCE
14. Farming was revive in Mycenaean
15. Iona= southwestern shore of Asia Minor
16. Ionians had their own dialect
17. Aeolian Greeks= lived in northern and central Greece
18. Aeolians colonized the island of Lesbos and northwestern coast of Asia Minor.
19. Dorians established themselves in Southwestern Greece
20. Trade and economic activity besides agriculture began.
21. Iron replaced bronze in the construction of weapons.
Page 65
22. Farming tools made of iron decline food storages.
23. Greeks adopted Phoenician alphabet.
24. Greeks made learning to read and write simpler.
25. Greeks reduce all words to a combination of 24 letters
26. Homer appeared during this Dark Age and become a great poet.
27. Iliad and the Odyssey were based on stories passed on from generation to generation.
28. Paris= Prince of Troy
29. Helen= wife of King of Sparta
30. Paris kidnapped Helen
31. Agamemnon= Spartan King's brother
32. War took 10 years
33. Iliad is about Greek hero Achilles
34. Odyssey is a romance story of Greek hero Odysseus
35. Iliad and the Odyssey describe the social conditions of the Dark Age
36. Home's poems reflect the values of aristocratic heroes
37. Homer did not record history; he made it.
38. The Greeks regarded the Iliad and the Odyssey as authentic history.
Page 67
39. Arete= a hero strives for excellence
40. Arete is won in a struggle or contest
41. In the Homeric world, aristocratic women were expected to pursue excellence.
42. Archaic Age of Greece= 750-500 BCE
43. Two major developments
a. The city-state or Polls as the central institution in Greek life
b. Greeks' colonization of the Mediterranean and B
44. Eight century BCE= 800-701 BCE
45. The Greek polis developed slowly
46. The polis= in a physical sense, encompassed a town or city or even a village and its surrounding countryside.
47. The town or city served as the focus or central point where the citizens of the town/polis could assemble for political, social, and religious activities.
48. In some poleis (plural for polis), the top of hills served as a place of refuge during an attack or a religious center.
49. Later some hill locales became religious centers where temples and public monuments were built.
50. The temples and public monuments became known as acropolis.
51. Below these acropolis would be an agora.
52. Agora= an open space that served both as a place where citizens could assemble and as a market.
53. Poleis varied greatly in size, from a few square miles to a few hundred miles.
54. The large poleis were the product of consolidation.
55. The polis was much more than a political institution.
56. Poleis were a community of citizens in which all political, economic, social, cultural, and religious activities were focused.
57. The polis consisted of citizens with political rights.
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58. Males had rights
59. Women and children had no rights but were citizens.
60. Slaves and resident aliens had no rights and were noncitizens.
61. Citizens were very loyal to their polis.
62. Poleis didn't trust each other.
63. The division of Greece into fiercely patriotic sovereign units helped bring about its ruin.
64. The cultural unity of the Greeks did not mean much politically.
65. Early Greece, wars were fought by aristocratic cavalry soldiers-nobles on horseback.
66. Hoplites= heavily armed infantrymen who wore bronze or leather helmets, breastplates, and greaves (shin guards). They carried a round shield, short sword, and a 9 ft long spear.
67. Phalanx= a rectangular formation
68. They attack in a phalanx formation, winning battles
69. Hoplites first developed in Peloponnesus.
70. Aristrocratic cavalry was now outdated.
71. Each soldier provided his own armor.
72. Providing your own armor made you "men of property."
73. Aristocrats and small farmers made up the new phalanx.
74. This created a bond between the aristocrats and peasants.
75. This minimized class conflict.
76. Aristocrats dominated their societies.
77. Those who could become hoplites and fight for the state could also challenge aristocratic control.
78. War became a way of life.
79. Greeks possessed excellent weapons and body armor.
80. Greek armies included citizen-soldiers that accepted training and discipline.
81. Greeks displayed a willingness to engage the enemy head-on.
82. Greeks demonstrated the effectiveness of heavy infantry in determining the outcome of a battle.
Page 69
83. Poverty, land hunger, and overpopulation were the factors that led to the establishment of colonies.
84. Some Greek colonies were simply trading posts or centers for the transshipment of goods to Greece.
85. Most Greek colonies were larger settlements that include fertile agricultural land taken from the native populations in those areas.
86. Each colony was founded as a polis and was usually independent of the mother polis (metropolis) that had established it.
87. Magna Graecia= Coastline of Southern Italy, including the cities of Tarentum (Taranto) and Neapolis (Naples).
88. Syracuse= city in eastern Sicily in 734 BCE
89. Syracuse belong to city-state of Corinth
90. Greek settlements were also established in southern France: Marseilles, eastern Spain, and northern Africa west of Egypt
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91. The colonies contributed to the diffusion of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean basin.
92. Colonization helped the Greeks foster a great sense of Greek identity.
93. Once Greeks from different communities went abroad and encountered peoples with different languages and customs, they became more aware of their own linguistic and cultural similarities.
94. The expansion of trade and industry created a new group of rich men who desired political privileges commensurate with their wealth.
95. These privileges were impossible to gain because of the power of the aristocrats.
96. This led to political crisis.
Page 71
97. Greek tyrants were rulers who seized power by force and who were not subject to the law.
98. Once tyrants were in power, they built new marketplaces, temples, and walls that created jobs, glorified the city, and also enhanced their own popularity.
99. Tyrants favored the interests of merchants and traders.
100. Tyrants encouraged founding of new colonies.
101. Tyrants added to the prosperity of their cities.
102. Corinth is the most famous example of tyrant control.
103. The Bacchiad Family were the first tyrants, then they were overthrown by Cypselus.
104. Tyranny came to an end in Greece by the sixth century.
105. The Greeks of Sparta and Athens spoke different political systems.
106. Spartans= occupied four small villages
107. After time, they became unified into a single polis.
108. This made Sparta a strong community in Laconia.
109. Perioiko= Laconians, free inhabitants but not citizens
110. Perioiko= had to pay taxes and perform military service for Sparta
111. Helots= bound to land, force to work on farms, force to work on households as servants for the Spartans.
112. 730 BCE Spartans started to conquer Messenia.
113. 800-600 BCE, the Spartans instituted a series of reforms by lawgiver Lycurgus.
114. Babies were examined at birth and unfit were killed.
115. Boys at 7 years old were put under control of the state.
116. At 20 years old, boys were enrolled in the army.
117. At 30 years old, Spartan males were allowed to vote in the assembly and live at home.
118. Spartan males remained in the army until the age of 60.
119. Because of the husbands living in the barracks, women had more freedom and power than other women in Greece.
120. Women were encouraged to exercise and remain fit to bear and raise children.
Page 73
121. Spartan social structure was rigidly organized.
a. At the top: Spartiates- Full Spartan Citizens
b. Level 2: Perioikoi
c. Level 3: Helots
122. Spartiates
a. owned a piece of land
b. land worked by helots
c. land provided economic sustence
123. Perioikoi= no citizenship but served as small merchants and artisans. They were subject to military duty.
124. Helots= farmed the land and gave their masters half of the produce.
125. Helots had a force lived secret police live among them.
126. Secret Police was allowed to kill any helot considered dangerous.
127. To legalize this murder, the state officially declared war on the helots at the beginning of each year.
128. The so-called Lycurgan reforms also reorganized the Spartan government, creating an oligarchy.
129. Two kings from different families were leaders of the Spartan army.
130. The kings served as the supreme priests within the state religion and had some role in foreign policy.
131. Gerousia= Council of Elders
132. The two kings shared power with Gerousia
133. Gerousia
a. 28 citizens over age of 60 years old
b. Prepare proposals that would be presented to apella.
134. Apella= Assembly of all male citizens
135. Assembly did not debate proposals just voted on them.
136. Assembly rarely rejected proposals.
137. Assembly elected members for Gerousia and Ephors.
138. To balance the power of the kings and the Gerousia, the Spartan state created a college of five ephors.
139. Ephors
a. elected annually
b. all males over 30 years old were eligible
c. their duties
i. convening the Gerousia supervising the education of youth
ii. convening the conduct of citizens
iii. serve as judges in civil cases
iv. could bring changes against a king for wrongdoing
140. Sparta was a military state
141. Foreigners were discouraged to visit Sparta.
142. Spartans were discouraged to travel.
143. Trade and commerce were minimized.
144. Spartans were discouraged to pursue philosophy, literature, and the arts.
145. The art of war and ruling was the Spartan ideal.
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146. Sparta dominated the Peloponnesus League and determined its policies.
147. By 700 BCE, Athens had established a unified polis on the peninsula of Attica.
148. Areopagus= Council of Nobles
149. Athens was first ruled by a monarchy, then by aristocrats.
150. Archons= persons who served one year at the Areopagus.
151. Ecclesia= Assembly of full citizens
152. Athenian farmers were sold into slavery when they defaulted on their loans that were collateral by them.
153. Solon= Reform-minded Aristocrat
154. Solon was given full power to make reforms in 594 BCE
155. Achievements of Solon
a. canceled all current land debt
b. outlawed new loans based on human collateral
c. freed people who had fallen into slavery for debt
d. he did not redistribute land
e. failed to deal with the basic cause of economic crisis
156. Wealth instead of birth now qualified people for holding political office.
157. This created upward political mobility
158. Solon divided all Athenian citizens into four classes on the basis of wealth.
159. Athenian Classes
a. 1st Class
i. Only Men
ii. Could join archonship and Areopagus
iii. Could sit in Heliaea
b. 2nd Class
i. Could join archonship and Areopagus
ii. Could sit in Heliaea
c. 3rd Class
i. Men could be elected to Boule
ii. could sit in Heliaea
d. 4th Class
i. Not allowed to hold any political office
ii. Could vote in Assembly
iii. Could Sit in Heliaea
160. Boule= New Council of 400, function is to prepare agenda for the assembly
161. Heliaea= New Popular Court to hear appeals from cases tried before the archons
162. Any male citizen could bring to the new court charges against any magistrate suspected of a crime.
163. Government officials were now answerable to all citizens.
164. Solon defined a citizen as a person who is involved in public affairs.
165. Citizen did not include women.
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166. Pisistratus, an aristocrat and a distant relative of Solon, seized power in 560 BCE and made himself a tyrant.
167. The assembly, councils, and courts continued to function while he was in power.
168. Pisistratus made sure that his supporters were elected as magistrates and council members.
169. Pisistratus was popular and people liked him.
170. Hippias, son of Pisistratus, wasn't popular and was sent into exile 527-510 BCE.
171. The reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 BCE established the basis for Athenian democracy.
172. demes= were the basic units of political life
173. All the citizens of the demes were enrolled in ten new tribes.
174. Each view tribe chose 50 members for the new Council of 500
175. New Council of Five Hundred
a. Administration of foreign and financial affairs
b. Prepared the business that would be handled by the assembly
176. Assembly
a. All male citizens
b. Authority of passing laws
177. Kouros= life-size stone statues of young male nudes
178. Sappho= female lyric poet lived in Lesbos
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179. Classical Greece 500-338 BCE
180. Marathon was the site that Athenians and Plataeans defeated the Persian forces.
181. Athenian leader Themistocles created the navy
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182. Triremes= ships with three banks of oars
183. Athenians used silver from Laurium to finance a new port facility and 200 ships by 480 BCE
184. In 480 BCE Xerxes, Persian monarch, invades Greece
185. Persian Forces under Xerxes command
a. 150,000 troops
b. 700 Naval Ships
c. 100s of Supply Ships to feed army
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186. The Pass of Thermopylae
a. Spartans led by King Leonidas
b. 300 Spartans
c. held off Persian army for 2 days
187. Naval Battle of Salamis
a. Persian forces were Phoenicians and Ionians
b. Greek Navy won the battle
188. Xerxes returns to Ionia, but left troops at Thessaly
189. Greek forces defeat Persians at Plataea
190. Greeks then defeat Persian Navy at Mycale in Ionia.
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191. Delian League= Confederation formed 478-477 BCE
a. dominated by Athenians
b. headquarters on island of Delos
c. members: Athens, Lesbos, Samos, Chios, Naxos, Thasos
192. The Delian League continued to fight against the Persian Army and drove them back to Asia in 469 BCE.
193. In 470 BCE, Naxos withdrew from Delian League
194. Athens attacks Naxos and Thasos. Athens took over their fleets, eliminated their liberty, and forced them to pay tribute.
195. "No Secession" became Athenian policy
196. The Delian League was rapidly becoming an instrument of Athenian imperialism and the nucleus of an Athenian empire.
197. The Age of Pericles c450s BCE
198. Ecclesia= Assembly
a. all male citizens of 18 years old
b. 440s= group of about 43,000
c. passed all laws
d. made final decisions on war and foreign policy
e. respected leaders spoke
199. Prytanies= 10 groups of 50 male members
a. each prytany held office for one-tenth of the year to supervise execution of the laws passed by the assembly
200. strategoi= A board of ten officials known as generals
a. elected by public to guide affairs of state
201. First Peloponnesian War c460-445 BCE
202. Athens lost many battles to the Spartans, by 445 BCE they agreed to a 30 Year Peace
203. Athenians moved the Delian League treasury from the island of Delos to Athens in 454 BCE
204. Members of the Delian League were charged a fee (tribute) for the protection of the treasury.
205. Pericles used the money of the treasury without member permission to build temples around Athens.
206. This action from Pericles made the Delian League seem like it had become the Athenian Empire.
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207. Spartans were concerned of Athens power and thought they may influence the Peloponnesian League
208. First conflicts Corinth and Athens and then Athens and Megara.
209. 430 BCE a plague devastated the crowded city of Athens and wiped out possibly 1/3 of the population
210. Pericles dies in 429 BCE
211. Cleon becomes new leader
212. Brasidas was a great general for Sparta.
213. Battle of Amphipolis in 422 BCE Brasidas and Cleon die.
214. Nicias becomes new leader of Athens and he negotiated the Peace of Nicias in 421 BCE.
215. Second phase of war 6 years after peace
216. Alcibiades= nephew of Pericles
217. Alcibiades was elected general in 420 BCE by the people in Athens.
218. Alcibiades convinced Athens to invade Sicily
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219. The invasion was ill-fated and Alcibiades was removed during the invasion. He flees to Sparta.
220. In Sparta, Alcibiades advises Sparta on how to defeat Athens by getting help from Persia.
221. The Athenians fail to take Syracuse in Sicily and while retreating were all killed or sold into slavery.
222. The heavily loss for Athens in Sicily weakened the democracy in Athens. In 411-410 BCE, an aristocratic oligarchy was temporarily established.
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223. 405 BCE the Athenian fleet was destroyed at Aegospotami on the Hellespont. The Athenian empire was dissolved.
224. Next 7 years there are 3 Greek power states: Sparta, Athens and Thebes
225. Sparta placed 10 men boards (local oligarchies) with their garrisons to control "liberated" states from Athenian imperialism.
226. In Athens, the Spartans placed the "Thirty Tyrants." They got their nickname because they executed 1500 democratic opponents.
227. King Agesilaus, Spartan King, led a Greek expedition in Asia Minor in 396 BCE
228. Persia offered financial support to Athens, Thebes, and other Greek states to oppose Spartan power within Greece.
229. This started the Corinthian War 395-386 BCE
230. In 371 BCE, Epaminondas (leader of city-state Thebes) defeated the Spartan army at the Battle of Leuctra.
231. In 362 BCE, Epaminondas dies at the Battle of Mantinea.
232. The Persian Wars written by Herodotus C484-425 BCE
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233. History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides c460-400 BCE
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234. The first Greek dramas were tragedies, plays based on the suffering of a hero and usually ending in disaster.
235. Aeschylus (525-456 BCE) composed "Oresteia," a Greek tragedy play.
236. Sophocles was a great Athenian playwright c496-406 BCE his play was "Oedipus the King"
237. Euripides wrote "The Bacchae," he was Athenian c485-406 BCE
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238. "The Clouds" and "Lysistrata" written by Aristophanes c450-385 BCE
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239. Parthenon is the greatest example of the classical Greek Temple 447-432 BCE
240. Greek sculptors sought to achieve not realism but a standard of ideal beauty.
241. Polyclitus, a sculptor, called his work "Doryphoros." His theory was the use of ideal proportions based on mathematical ratios found in nature, could produce an ideal human form.
242. Classical Greek was in search for ideal beauty
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243. Philosophy is a Greek word that literally means "love of wisdom"
244. Sophists were a group of philosophical teachers who concentrated on human behavior.
245. Socrates 469-399 BCE was a stone mason
246. Socrates believed the goal of education was only to improve the individual.
247. Socratic Method is a question and answer technique t lead pupils to see things from themselves using their own reason.
248. Socrates' questioning of authority and public demonstrations of others' lack of knowledge led him into trouble.
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249. Athens defeat in the Peloponnesian War created an environment in Athens intolerant of open debate and soul-searching.
250. Socrates was accused and convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens by his teaching, and an Athenian jury sentenced him to death.
251. "The Republic" written by Plato c429-347 BCE
252. Plato was a student of Socrates.
253. Plato established a school at Athens known as the Academy.
254. Aristotle studied at this school for 20 years.
255. Aristotle became a tutor to Alexander the Great.
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256. Aristotle wrote "Politics"
a. 3 good forms of government
i. monarchy, aristocracy, constitutional government
b. monarchy can turn to tyranny
c. aristocracy can turn to oligarchy
d. constitutional government into radical democracy or anarchy
257. Greek Religion had 12 chief gods
258. These gods lived on Mount Olympus, highest mountain in Greece
259. Zeus, Chief Deity and Father of the Gods
260. Each polis singled out one god as a guardian deity of its community
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261. 776 BCE first Olympics held to honor Zeus
262. Use of an oracle was practical in Greek religion
263. Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, located on the side of Mount Parnassus.
264. Eleusinian Cult connected with the myth of Demeter. This was a fertility cult in which participants felt reborn and gained some hope for life after death.
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265. A Greek soldier on a war campaign usually took along one slave to carry his armor.
266. Slaves who worked public construction were paid the same as metics or citizens.
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267. Hetairai= female companion
268. symposium= sophisticated drinking party
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