Book: Western Civilization, 8th Edition
Author: Jackson J. Spielvogel
ISBN: 978-0-495-91329-0
Chapter: Four
U-$22-B-0.006065-BE-227
Notes
Page 100
1. Macedonians were mostly rural folk and were organized in tribes, not city-states.
2. Macedonia emerged as a kingdom in the 5th century under King Archelaus 413-399 BCE.
3. Macedonia became a chief power of the Greek world under King Philip II 359-336 BCE.
4. Under King Philip, Macedonia infantryman use the 18 ft. long sword/spear.
5. Philip also recognized technological improvements in warfare so he created a group of engineers to design new catapults to destroy an enemy's fortifications.
Page 101
6. 338 BCE, Battle of Chaeronea, Macedonian Army won and Thebes were punished.
7. Corinthian League= Greeks states joined together in alliance.
8. The Greek states took an oath not to fight King Philip.
9. Hegemon= leader of the Corinthian League and of its Army= King Philip II
10. Greek-states were allowed autonomy under King Philip.
11. Philip had the general direction of the Greek-states foreign affairs.
12. Philip was assassinated before he can go to war with Persia.
13. Alexander, son of Philip II, was only 20 years old when he became King of Macedonia.
14. Once King, Alexander eliminated a rebellion in the city of Thebes. He killed most of the males and sold the women and children into slavery.
15. 334 BCE, Alexander enters Asia minor with 37,000 men
16. 5,000 were cavalry
17. Architects, engineers, historians, and scientists accompanied the army.
Page 102
18. 334 BCE, Alexander won his first battle at Granicus River
19. 333 BCE, Alexander won his second battle at The Battle of Issus.
20. His third victory was impressive at Tyre in 333 BCE
21. Egypt surrendered without a fight.
22. Alexander became pharaoh of Egypt, "Son of Amon" in 332 BCE.
23. He built Alexandria as the Administrative capital of Egypt.
24. 331 BCE, Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander defeated Darius. Then marched into Susa and Persepolis.
25. 330 BCE, Darius was killed by his own men. Alexander then took title of Great King of the Persians.
26. 326 BCE, Battle of Hydaspes River, Alexander won a brutal battle. After battle his soldiers refused to go further. 8 years of fighting.
Page 103
27. Alexander dies at age 32.
Page 104
28. Alexander created a new age called the "Hellenistic Era."
Page 105
29. 4 Hellenistic Kingdoms
a. Macedonia under the Antigonid Dynasty
b. Syria under the Seleucids
c. Attalid Kingdom of Pergamum
d. Egypt under Ptolemies
30. 276 BCE, Antigonus Gonatus, the grandson of one of Alexander's generals, succeed in establishing the Antigonid dynasty as rulers of Macedonia.
31. Chandragupta Maurya drove out Seleucids from India c324-301 BCE.
32. Maurya created a new Indian state called the Mauryan Empire.
33. Seleucid Dynasty of Syria was created by General Seleucus.
34. Maurya's grandson Asoka extended the Mauryan Empire to include most of India.
35. The Seleucid rulers maintained relations with the Mauryan Empire.
Page 107
36. 191 BCE, the Romans defeated Antiochus III and the area becomes a Roman province in 63 BCE.
37. 305 BCE, Ptolemy was a Macedonian general who named himself governor of Egypt after Alexander's death.
38. Gauls= The Celts
39. One group of Celts sacked the city of Rome in 390 BCE.
Page 109
40. 250 BCE, people from Greeks and Macedonians began migrating to conquered territories by Alexander the Great.
Page 111
41. The greatest trade was in the basic staple of life-grain.
42. The great exporting areas were Egypt, Sicily, and the Black Sea region.
43. Rhodes and Delos served as the major depots for the international grain trade.
Page 112
44. Females owned 40% of the privately held land in Sparta.
Page 113
45. Slavery in Hellenistic Times
a. persons kidnapped by pirates
b. children of slaves
c. children who were sold by their parents or abandoned to perish
d. prisoners of war
46. Delos, a major trading center, could handle 10,000 slaves a day in its markets
47. Thracians and Syrians were the most numerous slaves.
48. Macedonians, Thracians, and Italians drew the highest price.
49. In the Classical period of Greek history, education had been left largely to private enterprise.
50. Greek cities now began to supervise education in new ways.
51. The Greek gymnasium, which had been primarily and athletic institution, evolved into a secondary school.
52. Wealthy individuals often provided the money for the schools and also specified how it should be spent.
Page 115
53. The library in Alexandria became the largest in ancient times.
54. Alexandria became home to poets, writers, philosophies, and scientists-scholar of all kinds.
55. The museum (literally, "Temple of the Muses") created a favorable environment for scholarly research.
56. Polybius c203-120 BCE is chief historian of the Hellenistic Age.
57. "Inhabited Mediterranean World" written by Polybus.
Page 116
58. Aristarchus of Samos, c310-230 BCE, developed a heliocentric view of universe.
59. Aristarchus contended that the sun and the fixed stars remain stationary while the earth rotates around the sun in a circular orbit.
60. Aristarchus also argued that the earth rotates around its own axis.
61. Greeks had a geocentric view.
62. The Greeks held that the earth was at the center of the universe.
63. Eratosthenes, c275-194 BCE, determined that the earth was round and calculated the earth's circumference at 24,675 miles, an estimate that was within 200 miles of the actual figure.
64. 3 famous Alexandria Scholars
a. Aristarchus of Samos
b. Eratosthenes
c. Euclid
65. Euclid, 300 BCE, established a school in Alexandria.
66. "Elements" written by Euclid.
Page 117
67. Archimedes, 287-212 BCE, famous because:
a. Geometry of spheres and cylinders
b. the value of the mathematical constant pi
c. creating the science of hydrostatics
68. Archimedes may have devised the so-called Archimedean screw used to pump water out of mines and to lift irrigation water, as well as a compound pulley for transporting heavy weights.
69. Hippocrates is credited with having been the "first to separate medicine from philosophy."
70. Herophilus researched the brain, eye, liver, reproductive and nervous system.
71. Erasistratus made discoveries in the process of digestion.
72. Herophilus and Erasistratus both worked in Alexandria.
Page 118
73. Epicurus 341-270 BCE is the founder of Epicureanism.
74. Epicurus did not deny the existence of the gods, he did not believe they played any active role in the world.
75. Epicurus believed the universe ran on its own.
76. This left human beings free to follow self-interest as a basic motivating force.
Page 119
77. Epicureanism was eventually overshadowed by another school of thought known as Stoicism, which became the most popular philosophy of the Hellenistic world and persisted in the Roman Empire as well.
Page 121
78. Greek Olympian religion was on the decline in the Hellenistic World.
79. The civic cults based on the traditional gods no longer seemed sufficient to satisfy people's emotional needs.
80. The Egyptian cult of Isis was one of the most popular of the mystery religions.
81. The cult of Isis was very ancient but became truly universal in Hellenistic times.
82. In many ways, the mystery religions of the Hellenistic era helped pave the way for Christianity.
83. In observing the similarities among their gods and goddesses, Greeks and easterners tended to assume that the deities were the same beings with different names, giving rise to a process of syncretism.
84. A special position was occupied in the Hellenistic world by the Jews, whose monotheistic religion was exclusive and did not permit this kind of fusion of spiritual beings.
85. The Jewish province of Judaea was ruled by the Ptolemies until it fell under the control of the Seleucids by 200 BCE.
86. In the reign of the Seleucid King Antiochus IV, 175-163 BCE, conflict erupted in Judaea.
87. Hellenistic monarchs were generally tolerant of all religions, but problems with Rome prompted Antiochus to try to impose more cultural and religions unity in Judaea.
Page 122
88. Antiochus sent troops to Jerusalem to seize the Temple. This caused an uprising led by Judas Maccabaeus.
89. Rebels in Jerusalem recaptured the Temple.
90. Hanukkah Holiday= Hebrew for "rededication" celebration for recapturing temple from foreign invaders.
91. Although the conflict in Judaea continued, the Seleucids ultimately made concessions and allowed the Jews considerable freedom.
92. c164 BCE, Jewish Diaspora
a. There was a large Jewish population in Egypt
b. Alexandria had a large community
c. Jewish settlements throughout the cities of Asia Minor and Syria
93. In each city, Jews generally set up a synagogue and formed a private association for worship as other foreigners did.
94. Same city authorities also allowed the Jews to form a political corporation that gave them greater rights than other resident aliens.
95. Most important, they gained the privilege to live by their own laws and their own judicial system.
96. The Jews were not really interested in citizenship in the cities in which they resided because full citizenship meant worship of the city's gods, anathema to Jews who believed only in Yahweh.
Author: Jackson J. Spielvogel
ISBN: 978-0-495-91329-0
Chapter: Four
U-$22-B-0.006065-BE-227
Notes
Page 100
1. Macedonians were mostly rural folk and were organized in tribes, not city-states.
2. Macedonia emerged as a kingdom in the 5th century under King Archelaus 413-399 BCE.
3. Macedonia became a chief power of the Greek world under King Philip II 359-336 BCE.
4. Under King Philip, Macedonia infantryman use the 18 ft. long sword/spear.
5. Philip also recognized technological improvements in warfare so he created a group of engineers to design new catapults to destroy an enemy's fortifications.
Page 101
6. 338 BCE, Battle of Chaeronea, Macedonian Army won and Thebes were punished.
7. Corinthian League= Greeks states joined together in alliance.
8. The Greek states took an oath not to fight King Philip.
9. Hegemon= leader of the Corinthian League and of its Army= King Philip II
10. Greek-states were allowed autonomy under King Philip.
11. Philip had the general direction of the Greek-states foreign affairs.
12. Philip was assassinated before he can go to war with Persia.
13. Alexander, son of Philip II, was only 20 years old when he became King of Macedonia.
14. Once King, Alexander eliminated a rebellion in the city of Thebes. He killed most of the males and sold the women and children into slavery.
15. 334 BCE, Alexander enters Asia minor with 37,000 men
16. 5,000 were cavalry
17. Architects, engineers, historians, and scientists accompanied the army.
Page 102
18. 334 BCE, Alexander won his first battle at Granicus River
19. 333 BCE, Alexander won his second battle at The Battle of Issus.
20. His third victory was impressive at Tyre in 333 BCE
21. Egypt surrendered without a fight.
22. Alexander became pharaoh of Egypt, "Son of Amon" in 332 BCE.
23. He built Alexandria as the Administrative capital of Egypt.
24. 331 BCE, Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander defeated Darius. Then marched into Susa and Persepolis.
25. 330 BCE, Darius was killed by his own men. Alexander then took title of Great King of the Persians.
26. 326 BCE, Battle of Hydaspes River, Alexander won a brutal battle. After battle his soldiers refused to go further. 8 years of fighting.
Page 103
27. Alexander dies at age 32.
Page 104
28. Alexander created a new age called the "Hellenistic Era."
Page 105
29. 4 Hellenistic Kingdoms
a. Macedonia under the Antigonid Dynasty
b. Syria under the Seleucids
c. Attalid Kingdom of Pergamum
d. Egypt under Ptolemies
30. 276 BCE, Antigonus Gonatus, the grandson of one of Alexander's generals, succeed in establishing the Antigonid dynasty as rulers of Macedonia.
31. Chandragupta Maurya drove out Seleucids from India c324-301 BCE.
32. Maurya created a new Indian state called the Mauryan Empire.
33. Seleucid Dynasty of Syria was created by General Seleucus.
34. Maurya's grandson Asoka extended the Mauryan Empire to include most of India.
35. The Seleucid rulers maintained relations with the Mauryan Empire.
Page 107
36. 191 BCE, the Romans defeated Antiochus III and the area becomes a Roman province in 63 BCE.
37. 305 BCE, Ptolemy was a Macedonian general who named himself governor of Egypt after Alexander's death.
38. Gauls= The Celts
39. One group of Celts sacked the city of Rome in 390 BCE.
Page 109
40. 250 BCE, people from Greeks and Macedonians began migrating to conquered territories by Alexander the Great.
Page 111
41. The greatest trade was in the basic staple of life-grain.
42. The great exporting areas were Egypt, Sicily, and the Black Sea region.
43. Rhodes and Delos served as the major depots for the international grain trade.
Page 112
44. Females owned 40% of the privately held land in Sparta.
Page 113
45. Slavery in Hellenistic Times
a. persons kidnapped by pirates
b. children of slaves
c. children who were sold by their parents or abandoned to perish
d. prisoners of war
46. Delos, a major trading center, could handle 10,000 slaves a day in its markets
47. Thracians and Syrians were the most numerous slaves.
48. Macedonians, Thracians, and Italians drew the highest price.
49. In the Classical period of Greek history, education had been left largely to private enterprise.
50. Greek cities now began to supervise education in new ways.
51. The Greek gymnasium, which had been primarily and athletic institution, evolved into a secondary school.
52. Wealthy individuals often provided the money for the schools and also specified how it should be spent.
Page 115
53. The library in Alexandria became the largest in ancient times.
54. Alexandria became home to poets, writers, philosophies, and scientists-scholar of all kinds.
55. The museum (literally, "Temple of the Muses") created a favorable environment for scholarly research.
56. Polybius c203-120 BCE is chief historian of the Hellenistic Age.
57. "Inhabited Mediterranean World" written by Polybus.
Page 116
58. Aristarchus of Samos, c310-230 BCE, developed a heliocentric view of universe.
59. Aristarchus contended that the sun and the fixed stars remain stationary while the earth rotates around the sun in a circular orbit.
60. Aristarchus also argued that the earth rotates around its own axis.
61. Greeks had a geocentric view.
62. The Greeks held that the earth was at the center of the universe.
63. Eratosthenes, c275-194 BCE, determined that the earth was round and calculated the earth's circumference at 24,675 miles, an estimate that was within 200 miles of the actual figure.
64. 3 famous Alexandria Scholars
a. Aristarchus of Samos
b. Eratosthenes
c. Euclid
65. Euclid, 300 BCE, established a school in Alexandria.
66. "Elements" written by Euclid.
Page 117
67. Archimedes, 287-212 BCE, famous because:
a. Geometry of spheres and cylinders
b. the value of the mathematical constant pi
c. creating the science of hydrostatics
68. Archimedes may have devised the so-called Archimedean screw used to pump water out of mines and to lift irrigation water, as well as a compound pulley for transporting heavy weights.
69. Hippocrates is credited with having been the "first to separate medicine from philosophy."
70. Herophilus researched the brain, eye, liver, reproductive and nervous system.
71. Erasistratus made discoveries in the process of digestion.
72. Herophilus and Erasistratus both worked in Alexandria.
Page 118
73. Epicurus 341-270 BCE is the founder of Epicureanism.
74. Epicurus did not deny the existence of the gods, he did not believe they played any active role in the world.
75. Epicurus believed the universe ran on its own.
76. This left human beings free to follow self-interest as a basic motivating force.
Page 119
77. Epicureanism was eventually overshadowed by another school of thought known as Stoicism, which became the most popular philosophy of the Hellenistic world and persisted in the Roman Empire as well.
Page 121
78. Greek Olympian religion was on the decline in the Hellenistic World.
79. The civic cults based on the traditional gods no longer seemed sufficient to satisfy people's emotional needs.
80. The Egyptian cult of Isis was one of the most popular of the mystery religions.
81. The cult of Isis was very ancient but became truly universal in Hellenistic times.
82. In many ways, the mystery religions of the Hellenistic era helped pave the way for Christianity.
83. In observing the similarities among their gods and goddesses, Greeks and easterners tended to assume that the deities were the same beings with different names, giving rise to a process of syncretism.
84. A special position was occupied in the Hellenistic world by the Jews, whose monotheistic religion was exclusive and did not permit this kind of fusion of spiritual beings.
85. The Jewish province of Judaea was ruled by the Ptolemies until it fell under the control of the Seleucids by 200 BCE.
86. In the reign of the Seleucid King Antiochus IV, 175-163 BCE, conflict erupted in Judaea.
87. Hellenistic monarchs were generally tolerant of all religions, but problems with Rome prompted Antiochus to try to impose more cultural and religions unity in Judaea.
Page 122
88. Antiochus sent troops to Jerusalem to seize the Temple. This caused an uprising led by Judas Maccabaeus.
89. Rebels in Jerusalem recaptured the Temple.
90. Hanukkah Holiday= Hebrew for "rededication" celebration for recapturing temple from foreign invaders.
91. Although the conflict in Judaea continued, the Seleucids ultimately made concessions and allowed the Jews considerable freedom.
92. c164 BCE, Jewish Diaspora
a. There was a large Jewish population in Egypt
b. Alexandria had a large community
c. Jewish settlements throughout the cities of Asia Minor and Syria
93. In each city, Jews generally set up a synagogue and formed a private association for worship as other foreigners did.
94. Same city authorities also allowed the Jews to form a political corporation that gave them greater rights than other resident aliens.
95. Most important, they gained the privilege to live by their own laws and their own judicial system.
96. The Jews were not really interested in citizenship in the cities in which they resided because full citizenship meant worship of the city's gods, anathema to Jews who believed only in Yahweh.
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